LINUX-U: 2014-07-27

1 Aug 2014

Doudou Linux 2.1 Guide

Download: -
Link: - http://download.doudoulinux.org/docs/doudoulinux-2.1-quickstart-en.pdf
Link: - http://www.doudoulinux.org/web/english/documentation-7/index.html

Doudou Linux 2.1

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Link: - http://doudou.hostingxtreme.com/doudoulinux-hyperborea-2.1-en.iso

Puppy Slacko 5.7 install Guide

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Link: - http://puppylinux.org/main/How%20NOT%20to%20install%20Puppy.htm

Puppy Slacko 5.7

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Link: - http://distro.ibiblio.org/puppylinux/puppy-slacko-5.7/slacko-5.7-NO-pae.iso

Arch Linux Installation guide

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Link: - https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Installation_guide

Arch Linux

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Link: - http://archlinux.limun.org/iso/2014.07.03/archlinux-2014.07.03-dual.iso

Lubuntu Documentation

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Link: - https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Lubuntu/Documentation

Lubuntu 14.04.1

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Link: - http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/lubuntu/releases/14.04.1/release/lubuntu-14.04-desktop-i386.iso

31 Jul 2014

Xubuntu Guide

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Link: - http://docs.xubuntu.org/1404/

Xubuntu 140.04

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Link: - http://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/ubuntu/xubuntu/14.04/release/xubuntu-14.04-desktop-i386.iso

Manjaro Guide

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Link: - https://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php?title=Main_Page

Manjaro XFCE Edition 0.8.10

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Link: - http://jaist.dl.sourceforge.net/project/manjarolinux/release/0.8.10/xfce/manjaro-xfce-0.8.10-i686.iso

Bodhi Linux 2.4.0 Installation Guide

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Link: - http://wiki.bodhilinux.com/doku.php?id=installation_instructions

Bodhi Linux 2.4.0

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Link: - http://cznic.dl.sourceforge.net/project/bodhilinux/2.4.0/bodhi-2.4.0-32.iso

30 Jul 2014

PCLinuxOS 2014 Guide

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Link: - http://pclinuxoshelp.com/index.php/Main_Page

PCLinuxOS 2014

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Link: - http://spout.ussg.indiana.edu/linux/pclinuxos/pclinuxos/live-cd/pclinuxos-kde-2014.07.iso

openSUSE 13.1 Installation Quick Start

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Link: - http://activedoc.opensuse.org/book/opensuse-start-up/chapter-1-installation-quick-start

openSUSE 13.1

Download: -
Link: - http://mirror1.hs-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/ftp.opensuse.org/distribution/13.1/iso/openSUSE-13.1-DVD-i586.iso

Mageia 4.1 Installation Guide

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Link: - https://doc.mageia.org/installer/4/en/content/index.html
Link: - https://wiki.mageia.org/en/First_step_with_Xfce

Mageia 4.1

Download: -
Link: - http://ftp.linux.org.tr/mageia/iso/4.1/Mageia-4.1-i586-DVD/Mageia-4.1-i586-DVD.iso

29 Jul 2014

1993 : The internet becomes a global network

In 1993, the internet was still dominated by the United States but it was becoming a truly global network. This is a map of information flow on Usenet, an bulletin board application that allowed users to swap recipes, jokes, programming tips, and more.

1980 : NSFNET: The first internet backbone

During the 1980s, the National Science Network funded several supercomputing centers around the United States. And in 1986 the agency created a TCP/IP-based network called NSFNET to link those supercomputing centers together and allow researchers across the country to use them. The primary goal was to allow computer science researchers to log into the supercomputers and perform academic research. But NSF decided not to limit NSFNET to that purpose, allowing the network to be used for a wide variety of academic purposes. As a result, the NSFNET became the internet's "backbone," the high-speed, long-distance network that allowed different parts of the internet to communicate. Schools that didn't have a direct connection to the NSFNET worked together to build regional networks that linked them to each other and to the nearest NSF node. This shows the NSFNET as it existed in 1992. By this time, there were 6,000 networks connected to NSFNET, with a third of them located overseas. That meant that students and faculty at a growing number of universities had access to email, Usenet, and even a recently-invented application called the World Wide Web. And although the NSFNET was officially restricted to non-commercial use, for-profit companies were increasingly connecting to the network as well, setting the stage for the commercialization of the internet that followed.

1984: ARPANET becomes the internet

Originally, the entire ARPANET was managed by the military. But network operators realized that a centralized network would eventually become unmanageable if it continued to grow. They decided that the network should be reorganized as a decentralized "network of networks." Under this scheme, different networks would be controlled by different organizations, but all the networks able to communicate using shared standards, forming a shared "internet." The military asked the computer scientists Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf to develop new networking standards to make this possible. The result was a set of standards known as TCP/IP. These standards specified the basic format of data packets transmitted across the internet. On January 1, 1983, the ARPANET switched to using TCP/IP, marking the birth of the modern internet. The switch to TCP/IP didn't make much difference from a user perspective — applications like email and Telnet worked about the same as they had before. But the new standard paved the way for much faster network growth by lowering the barrier to entry for new networks. One of the first new networks to connect to the new internet was CSNET, which was funded by the National Science Foundation to link computer science departments across the country. This map shows the location of ARPANET and CSNET nodes (labeled "Phonenet"), which after 1983 communicated with each other using TCP/IP. By the time the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990, it was just one of many networks that comprised the internet. Today, the internet is made up of more than 40,000 different networks. These networks still communicate with each other using the TCP/IP standards Cerf and Kahn developed in the 1970s.

1982: the ARPANET community grows

As the ARPANET entered its second decade, it was still largely confined to the United States. Academic institutions depended on federal funding to join the network, so the number of nodes expanded slowly. By 1982, the network only had about 100 nodes. But that was enough to support a vibrant online community. Long before Facebook and Twitter, ARPANET allowed computer scientists who had access to the network to stay in touch. A new bulletin board system called Usenet was invented in 1980 and caught on quickly. Usenet was organized by topic, allowing users to swap programming tips, recipes, jokes, opinions about science fiction, and much more.

1973: ARPANET goes international

In 1973, the ARPANET became international, with a satellite link connecting Norway and London to the other nodes in the United States. Hawaii also joined the network by satellite. At this point, the network had around 40 nodes. New ARPANET applications had begun to emerge. Email was invented in 1971 by a BBN engineer named Ray Tomlinson, who also invented the use of the "@" symbol in email addresses. The File Transfer Protocol, which is still used today, allowed ARPANET users to send files to each other.

1970: ARPANET expands

By the end of 1970, ARPANET had grown to 13 nodes, including East Coast schools like Harvard and MIT. Among the early nodes was Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN), an engineering consulting company that did the engineering work required to build ARPANET. Each ARPANET site had a router known as an Interface Message Processor. These cost $82,200, or half a million dollars in today's money.

1969 : Before the internet, there was the ARPANET

ARPANET, the precursor to the modern internet, was an academic research project funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, a branch of the military known for funding ambitious research projects without immediate commercial or military applications. Initially, the network only connected the University of Utah with three research centers in California. ARPANET was a test of a then-novel technology called packet-switching, which breaks data into small "packets" so they can be transmitted efficiently across the network. It also had a more practical goal: allowing more efficient use of expensive computing resources. Computer scientists sometimes used ARPA money to buy computers, and the agency hoped that ARPANET would allow universities to share these expensive resources more efficiently. One of the first ARPANET applications was Telnet, which allowed a researcher at one ARPANET site to log into a computer at another site.